Decoding Technical Drawing Symbols: A Cross-Disciplinary Guide for Engineers and Designers

Introduction

In the world of engineering and design, technical drawings serve as the universal language that bridges ideas and reality. Whether you’re designing a complex mechanical component, drafting an electrical circuit, or planning an architectural masterpiece, understanding the symbols and conventions used in these drawings is essential. These symbols not only convey critical information about dimensions, materials, and assembly methods but also ensure that designs are communicated clearly and accurately across different teams and industries.

This guide offers a comprehensive overview of the most common symbols used in technical drawings, spanning multiple disciplines including mechanical, electrical, and architectural engineering. By mastering these symbols, professionals can enhance their ability to interpret and create detailed drawings, ultimately leading to more efficient design processes and better-quality outcomes. Whether you’re a seasoned engineer or a student just starting out, this article will equip you with the knowledge you need to navigate the intricate world of technical drawings with confidence.

1. Amplifier

• Symbol: An amplifier symbol is often depicted as a triangle with input and output lines.
• Use: Amplifiers are used to increase the power, voltage, or current of a signal. They are crucial in audio equipment, communication systems, and various electronic devices.

2. Capacitor

• General Capacitor
  • Symbol: Two parallel lines (one straight, one curved or both straight).
  • Use: Stores electrical energy in an electric field and releases it when needed. Common in filtering applications and energy storage.
• Variable Capacitor
  • Symbol: Similar to the general capacitor with an arrow across one of the parallel lines.
  • Use: Allows adjustment of capacitance in circuits, often used in tuning circuits like radio receivers.

3. Polarized Microphone

• Symbol: Often depicted with a microphone symbol and polarity markings.
• Use: Converts sound into electrical signals with directional sensitivity. Used in recording equipment and communication devices.

4. Receiver

• Symbol: Typically represented by an antenna symbol or a rectangular box with an arrow indicating signal direction.
• Use: Receives radio waves and converts them into audio, video, or data signals. Found in radios, televisions, and communication devices.

5. Earphone

• Symbol: Represented by a small speaker or headset symbol.
• Use: Converts electrical signals into sound. Common in personal audio devices, communication headsets, and hearing aids.

6. Resistor

• General Resistor
  • Symbol: A zigzag line or a rectangle (depending on the standard used).
  • Use: Limits current flow, divides voltage, and protects components. Used in almost all electronic circuits.
• Adjustable Resistor (Potentiometer)
  • Symbol: A resistor symbol with an arrow across it.
  • Use: Allows adjustment of resistance. Used in volume controls, dimmers, and other variable settings.
• Variable Resistor (Rheostat)
  • Symbol: A resistor symbol with an arrow diagonally across it.
  • Use: Adjusts current by changing resistance. Common in applications like tuning circuits and controlling light levels.

7. Transformer

• General Transformer
  • Symbol: Two inductors (coils) with lines representing a core between them.
  • Use: Transfers electrical energy between circuits, stepping voltage up or down. Used in power supplies, electrical distribution systems.
• Magnetic Core Transformer
  • Symbol: Similar to a general transformer but with additional lines indicating the core.
  • Use: Enhances the efficiency of the transformer by focusing the magnetic field. Used in power transformers and inductive devices.
• Shielded Magnetic Core Transformer
  • Symbol: Like a magnetic core transformer, but with a dotted or dashed line around it indicating shielding.
  • Use: Reduces electromagnetic interference, used in sensitive electronic equipment.
• Auto-Transformer, Adjustable
  • Symbol: A transformer symbol with a variable tap.
  • Use: Provides variable voltage output. Used in applications like dimmer switches and variable speed motors.

8. Circuit Breaker

• Symbol: A line with a switch symbol, often with an arc.
• Use: Automatically interrupts electrical flow in case of an overload or short circuit, protecting the circuit from damage. Used in electrical panels and power distribution systems.

9. Vacuum Tubes

• Twin Triode Using Elongated Envelope
  • Symbol: A pair of triode symbols within a single envelope symbol.
  • Use: Amplifies signals in early radios and amplifiers. Less common today but still used in some high-end audio equipment.
• Triode with Directly Heated Cathode
  • Symbol: A triode symbol with a special notation for the directly heated cathode.
  • Use: Amplifies signals, often used in early electronics and still appreciated in high-fidelity audio equipment.
• Pentode Using Elongated Envelope
  • Symbol: A pentode symbol within an elongated envelope.
  • Use: Provides greater amplification than a triode, used in radio frequency amplification and high-power applications.

10. Voltage Regulator

• Symbol: A rectangle with input and output lines, often with a diagonal arrow indicating adjustment.
• Use: Maintains a constant voltage level in a circuit, essential in power supplies to protect sensitive components.

11. Glow Lamp

• Symbol: A circle with lines inside indicating light emission.
• Use: Emits light when voltage is applied. Used as indicators and in lighting circuits, especially in older or specialized equipment.

12. Phototube

• Symbol: A circle with an arrow pointing in, indicating the detection of light.
• Use: Converts light into electrical energy, used in light detection, and early television cameras.

13. Inductor

• General Inductor
  • Symbol: A series of loops or a rectangle with a line through it.
  • Use: Stores energy in a magnetic field when current flows through it. Used in filters, transformers, and tuning circuits.
• Magnetic Core Inductor
  • Symbol: Similar to a general inductor with additional lines indicating a core.
  • Use: Enhances inductance by focusing the magnetic field. Used in transformers and power supplies.
• Adjustable Inductor
  • Symbol: An inductor symbol with an arrow across it.
  • Use: Allows the inductance to be varied. Used in radio tuning circuits and variable filters.
• Reactor
  • Symbol: A specialized inductor used in high-power applications.
  • Use: Controls current in power systems, especially in industrial and utility applications.

14. Lamps

• Ballast Lamp
  • Symbol: A lamp symbol with additional notations for ballast.
  • Use: Controls current in gas-discharge lamps like fluorescent tubes.
• Fluorescent Lamp, 2-Terminal
  • Symbol: A rectangle with lines representing terminals.
  • Use: A specific type of lamp used in overhead lighting fixtures.
• Incandescent Lamp
  • Symbol: A simple circle with a cross inside.
  • Use: Traditional light bulbs, converting electrical energy into light and heat.

15. Grounding Symbols

• Ground
  • Symbol: A line with three horizontal bars, getting progressively smaller.
  • Use: Provides a reference point in an electrical circuit and a path for electrical current to dissipate safely. Essential for safety in all electrical systems.
• Chassis Ground
  • Symbol: Similar to ground, but often with a different symbol, representing a ground connected to the chassis of a device.
  • Use: Used when the ground is connected to the frame or casing of an electronic device.

16. Connectors

• Jack and Plug Engaged
  • Symbol: Two semicircles or lines representing the engaged state.
  • Use: Represents the connection between a plug and a jack. Used in diagrams to show where connections are made.
• Connectors, General
  • Symbol: Two lines or shapes representing a connection point.
  • Use: General symbol for electrical connectors, used in all types of circuits.

17. Antenna

• General Antenna
  • Symbol: A straight line with radiating lines.
  • Use: Transmits or receives radio waves. Used in communication systems.
• Dipole Antenna
  • Symbol: Two lines with a central line representing the dipole.
  • Use: A specific type of antenna used in radio and television transmission.
• Loop Antenna
  • Symbol: A circle or loop with connecting lines.
  • Use: A type of antenna used in direction finding and certain types of radio transmission.
• Counterpoise Antenna
  • Symbol: A horizontal line with radial lines below it.
  • Use: Used to improve the performance of a ground-based antenna by providing a reflective surface.

18. Battery

• Long Line Positive
  • Symbol: A series of long and short lines, with the long line indicating the positive terminal.
  • Use: Represents a single cell or a simple battery in a circuit.
• Multicell Battery
  • Symbol: Multiple sets of long and short lines.
  • Use: Represents a battery composed of multiple cells, used in powering larger devices or systems.

Introduction to Graphic Communication: A Comprehensive Guide for Environmental Health Sciences

Chapter 1: Introduction to Graphic Communication

Objective

Graphic communication is a critical component in engineering and technical fields. It involves conveying complex technical ideas through visual means, such as drawings, which are universally understood across different languages and cultures. This chapter introduces the concept of graphic communication and explores its role in conveying intricate information in a clear, concise manner.

The Role of Graphic Communication

Graphic communication plays a vital role in various fields, particularly in engineering, where precision and clarity are paramount. Whether it’s designing a new machine part or planning a large-scale infrastructure project, the ability to represent ideas visually through technical drawings is indispensable. These drawings serve as a universal language that transcends linguistic barriers, enabling engineers, architects, and technicians from around the world to collaborate effectively.

Types of Drawings

Graphic communication encompasses various types of drawings, each serving a different purpose. These can be broadly categorized into two main types: artistic drawings and technical drawings.

1. Artistic Drawings: These drawings are more about expressing ideas, emotions, and concepts. They are often used in art and design fields where creativity and interpretation play significant roles. The focus here is on aesthetics, mood, and the subjective experience of the viewer.
2. Technical Drawings: In contrast, technical drawings provide precise, standardized information necessary for construction, manufacturing, and other technical applications. These drawings are used to communicate exact specifications, dimensions, and processes, ensuring that all stakeholders have a clear understanding of what needs to be built or manufactured.

Applications of Technical Drawings

Technical drawings are integral to various fields. In engineering, they are used to design and document everything from simple components to complex systems. In manufacturing, they guide the production process, ensuring that every part is made to exact specifications. Furthermore, in environmental health projects, such as the design and implementation of sanitation and water supply systems, technical drawings are essential. They ensure that these projects are executed correctly and safely, ultimately protecting public health.

Chapter 2: Drawing Equipment and Their Use

Objective

Creating accurate and professional technical drawings requires the use of specialized tools. This chapter aims to familiarize students with the essential equipment needed for technical drawing, emphasizing the importance of quality and care in maintaining these tools.

Drawing Paper

The foundation of any technical drawing is the paper on which it is created. Different types of drawing papers are available, each suited for specific purposes. The standard sizes of drawing paper are also crucial, as they ensure consistency and neatness in technical drawings.

1. Types of Drawing Paper: Various types of drawing paper are used in technical drawing, including vellum, tracing paper, and bond paper. Each type offers different textures and transparency levels, making them suitable for different stages of the drawing process.
2. Standard Sizes: Drawing paper comes in standardized sizes, such as A4, A3, A2, A1, and A0. These sizes ensure that drawings can be easily scaled, stored, and referenced. Consistency in paper size also facilitates the reproduction of drawings, whether through photocopying or digital means.

Essential Drawing Tools

To produce high-quality technical drawings, several tools are indispensable. These tools must be used correctly and maintained properly to ensure precision and clarity in the final drawings.

1. T-Squares: A T-square is a fundamental tool in technical drawing, used to draw horizontal lines and align other drawing instruments. Its accuracy is critical for ensuring that drawings are straight and true.
2. Compasses and Dividers: Compasses are used to draw circles and arcs, while dividers are employed to measure and transfer distances on a drawing. The quality of these tools directly impacts the precision of the shapes and measurements in a drawing.
3. Scales: Drawing scales are used to measure and proportion drawings accurately. They come in various types, including architectural and engineering scales, each designed for specific types of measurements.
4. French Curves: French curves are used to draw smooth, curved lines that cannot be achieved with a compass. They are essential for creating complex shapes and ensuring that curves are consistent throughout the drawing.

The Importance of Templates

Templates are invaluable in technical drawing as they allow for the quick and accurate drawing of common shapes. Using templates can significantly improve the efficiency of the drafting process, particularly in repetitive tasks.

1. Common Shapes: Templates typically include standard shapes such as circles, ellipses, squares, and various symbols used in technical drawings. By using templates, drafters can ensure that these shapes are uniform and precise.
2. Efficiency in Drafting: Templates save time and reduce the potential for errors, making them an essential tool for professionals who need to produce high-quality drawings quickly.

Chapter 3: Lettering and Lines

Objective

Lettering and line conventions are crucial elements of technical drawings, as they ensure that information is communicated clearly and accurately. This chapter focuses on the standard practices of lettering and the use of different line types in technical drawings.

Lettering Styles

In technical drawing, the style and consistency of lettering are vital. Different styles are used depending on the type of drawing and the information being conveyed.

1. Gothic: Gothic lettering is characterized by its simple, block-like appearance, making it highly legible. It is commonly used in technical drawings due to its clarity and ease of reproduction.
2. Roman: Roman lettering features more decorative elements, such as serifs, and is often used in headings or titles within technical drawings. While not as commonly used for general notes, it adds a touch of elegance where needed.
3. Italic: Italic lettering is slanted and is often used for emphasis or to distinguish specific types of information within a drawing.

Line Conventions

Lines are the building blocks of technical drawings. Each type of line has a specific meaning and application, and using them correctly is essential for accurately representing different features of a design.

1. Visible Lines: These lines represent the edges of an object that are visible in a particular view. They are typically drawn with a thick, continuous line.
2. Hidden Lines: Hidden lines indicate edges that are not visible in the current view. They are drawn with a dashed line to distinguish them from visible edges.
3. Centerlines: Centerlines are used to indicate the center of circles, arcs, and symmetrical objects. They are drawn as alternating long and short dashes.

Spacing and Guidelines

Uniform spacing between letters, lines, and symbols is crucial for maintaining consistency across drawings. This section offers practical tips for achieving this consistency, which is essential for clear communication.

1. Uniform Spacing: Consistent spacing between letters and lines ensures that text is readable and that the drawing maintains a professional appearance.
2. Guidelines: Guidelines are faint lines used to keep lettering straight and evenly spaced. They are typically erased after the lettering is complete, but they play a crucial role in ensuring precision during the drafting process.

Chapter 4: Geometric Construction

Objective

Geometric construction is a fundamental skill in technical drawing, enabling the creation of accurate geometric shapes that form the basis of more complex designs. This chapter teaches students how to construct geometric figures using various drawing tools and techniques.

Geometric Nomenclature

Understanding basic geometric concepts is essential for technical drawing. This section introduces key terms and shapes that are foundational in the field.

1. Points and Lines: A point represents a location in space, while a line is a straight path connecting two points. These are the simplest elements in geometric construction.
2. Angles and Triangles: Angles are formed by two intersecting lines, and triangles are three-sided polygons. Understanding these basic shapes is crucial for more complex constructions.
3. Polygons and Circles: Polygons are multi-sided figures, and circles are round shapes defined by a center point and radius. Both are frequently used in technical drawings.

Construction Techniques

This section provides step-by-step instructions for constructing various geometric shapes. Accuracy and precision in these constructions are critical, as they are the foundation for more advanced drafting skills.

1. Bisecting Lines and Angles: Bisecting involves dividing a line or angle into two equal parts. This technique is often used to create symmetrical designs.
2. Creating Parallel and Perpendicular Lines: Parallel lines never intersect, while perpendicular lines intersect at a 90-degree angle. These constructions are fundamental in technical drawing, particularly in creating grids and frameworks.
3. Dividing Lines into Equal Parts: This technique is used to create evenly spaced segments along a line, which is important in various applications, such as dimensioning and scaling.

Chapter 5: Projection

Objective

Projection is a critical skill in technical drawing, allowing for the accurate representation of three-dimensional objects on two-dimensional surfaces. This chapter covers the principles and techniques of projection, focusing on different types of projection and their applications.

Types of Projection

Several types of projection are used in technical drawing, each serving a specific purpose. Understanding these types is essential for creating accurate and detailed representations.

1. Orthographic Projection: This type of projection involves projecting views of an object onto perpendicular planes. It is used to create multi-view drawings that show the object from different angles (e.g., front, top, and side views).
2. Isometric Projection: Isometric projection represents a three-dimensional object in two dimensions, where the three axes appear equally foreshortened. It is useful for showing a 3D object in a single view.
3. Oblique Projection: In oblique projection, the front face of the object is shown in true size, while the other sides are drawn at an angle. This type of projection is less common but useful for certain applications.

The Glass Box Method

The “Glass Box Method” is a technique used to help students visualize and understand multi-view projections. Imagine the object inside a transparent box; by “unfolding” the box, you can see each view of the object projected onto the corresponding plane.

Isometric and Orthographic Projections

This section focuses on the methods for creating isometric and orthographic projections, explaining how to represent different surfaces, edges, and features of an object from various angles.

1. Isometric Projections: Isometric drawings are created by projecting the object along three axes that are 120 degrees apart. This method provides a clear and accurate representation of the object in three dimensions.
2. Orthographic Projections: Orthographic drawings are typically made up of three views (front, top, and side), each representing the object as seen from that direction. This method is essential for providing detailed information about the object’s dimensions and features.

Chapter 6: Sectioning

Objective

Sectioning is a technique used in technical drawing to reveal internal features of an object that are not visible in external views. This chapter teaches students how to create sectional views and the different types of sections used in technical drawings.

Types of Sections

Different types of sectional views are used depending on the complexity of the object and the information that needs to be conveyed.

1. Full Sections: A full section is created by cutting through the entire object, revealing the internal features as if the object were sliced in half.
2. Half Sections: A half section involves cutting through half of the object, showing both the internal and external features in one view. This is useful for symmetrical objects.
3. Offset Sections: Offset sections are used when internal features are not aligned along a straight path. The cutting plane is “offset” to pass through these features, allowing them to be shown in a single view.
4. Revolved Sections: Revolved sections are used to show the cross-sectional shape of a feature, such as a rib or spoke, by “revolving” the section around an axis.

Hatching and Cross-Hatching

Hatching lines are used in sectional views to indicate different materials. The spacing, angle, and pattern of hatching lines can vary depending on the material being represented.

1. Hatching: Hatching lines are typically drawn at a 45-degree angle and spaced evenly. Different materials may require different hatching patterns, making it easy to distinguish between them in a drawing.
2. Cross-Hatching: Cross-hatching involves drawing a second set of lines at an angle to the first set, creating a denser pattern. This technique is often used to indicate different materials or to show areas that have been cut away in a section.

Chapter 7: Projection of Points, Lines, and Planes

Objective

Understanding how to project points, lines, and planes in orthographic views is essential for accurately representing the spatial relationships in technical drawings. This chapter focuses on these projections and the techniques used to achieve them.

Reference Planes

Reference planes are used to project points, lines, and planes accurately onto different views. These planes serve as the basis for creating consistent and accurate projections.

1. Horizontal and Vertical Planes: Horizontal and vertical reference planes are used to project the top and front views of an object, respectively. Understanding the relationship between these planes is crucial for accurate projections.
2. Profile Plane: The profile plane is used to project the side view of an object. This plane is perpendicular to both the horizontal and vertical planes, providing a complete view of the object.

True Shape and Size

Determining the true shape and size of inclined or oblique planes is critical for accurate technical representation. This section details the methods used to achieve this.

1. Projection Techniques: Techniques such as auxiliary views and true-length lines are used to accurately determine the shape and size of inclined planes. These techniques are essential for creating precise technical drawings.
2. Applications: Understanding how to project true shapes and sizes is particularly important in complex engineering designs, where accurate representation of all features is necessary for successful manufacturing and construction.

Chapter 8: Dimensioning

Objective

Dimensioning is a crucial aspect of technical drawing, as it provides the necessary information about the size, shape, and features of an object. This chapter provides guidelines on how to properly dimension technical drawings, ensuring clarity and accuracy.

Dimensioning Standards

Dimensioning standards ensure that all necessary information is provided clearly and without ambiguity. These standards cover the placement, style, and formatting of dimensions.

1. Placement of Dimensions: Dimensions should be placed outside the object views when possible, to avoid clutter and ensure that the drawing remains legible.
2. Style and Formatting: Dimension lines, extension lines, and text should be consistent throughout the drawing. The use of standard symbols and notations is essential for maintaining clarity.

Types of Dimensions

Different types of dimensions are used depending on the feature being measured. This section covers the various dimensioning techniques and their appropriate uses.

1. Linear Dimensions: Linear dimensions measure the distance between two points, typically in a straight line. These are the most common type of dimensions used in technical drawings.
2. Angular Dimensions: Angular dimensions measure the angle between two lines or surfaces. They are essential for representing features that are not perpendicular.
3. Radial Dimensions: Radial dimensions measure the radius of circular features, such as holes or arcs. These dimensions are crucial for ensuring that circular features are accurately represented.

Chapter 9: Mapping

Objective

Mapping is an essential skill in environmental health projects, particularly in fieldwork. This chapter is dedicated to the creation of maps, explaining the techniques and tools used to create accurate and useful maps.

Sketch Mapping

Sketch mapping involves creating rough maps in the field using conventional symbols, legends, and scales. These maps are critical for documenting important features and planning environmental health interventions.

1. Conventional Symbols: Standardized symbols are used in sketch maps to represent different features, such as buildings, roads, and water sources. These symbols ensure that the map is easily understood by others.
2. Legends and Scales: A legend explains the meaning of the symbols used, while the scale indicates the relationship between distances on the map and actual distances in the field. Both are crucial for accurate interpretation of the map.

Classification of Maps

Different types of maps are used in environmental and health-related projects, each serving a specific purpose. This section discusses the various types and their applications.

1. Topographic Maps: Topographic maps show the physical features of an area, such as elevation, terrain, and water bodies. They are essential for planning and implementing environmental health projects in diverse landscapes.
2. Thematic Maps: Thematic maps focus on specific themes or topics, such as population density, disease prevalence, or water quality. These maps are used to identify trends and patterns, informing decisions in public health and environmental management.

Chapter 10: Building Drawing

Objective

Building drawing is a fundamental skill in architectural design and planning, particularly for residential buildings. This chapter introduces students to the principles of architectural drawing, covering the basic elements and techniques needed to create professional-quality plans.

Architectural Design

Architectural design involves creating detailed plans for buildings, including floor plans, elevations, and sections. These elements are essential for communicating the design intent to builders and ensuring that the final structure meets the intended specifications.

1. Floor Plans: A floor plan is a top view of a building, showing the layout of rooms, walls, doors, and windows. It provides a detailed overview of the building’s layout and is essential for both the design and construction phases.
2. Elevations: Elevations show the external appearance of a building from various angles, such as front, side, and rear views. These drawings are crucial for visualizing the building’s exterior design and ensuring that it meets aesthetic and functional requirements.
3. Sections: Sections are cutaway views of a building, showing the internal structure and relationships between different levels and components. They are particularly useful for understanding the construction details and ensuring that the building is structurally sound.

Building Drawing Techniques

This section provides practical tips and methods for creating detailed building drawings, ensuring that students can produce professional-quality architectural plans.

1. Drafting Techniques: Proper use of drafting tools and techniques is essential for creating accurate and detailed building drawings. This includes understanding scale, using templates, and ensuring that all lines and symbols are consistent and clear.
2. Design Considerations: When creating building drawings, it is important to consider factors such as building codes, safety standards, and environmental sustainability. These considerations ensure that the final design is not only functional and aesthetically pleasing but also compliant with regulations and environmentally responsible.

Chapter 11: Application of Engineering Drawing in Environmental Health Projects

Objective

This chapter emphasizes the practical application of engineering drawing skills in environmental health projects. It focuses on the design and construction of sanitation systems and water supply systems, which are essential for protecting public health in communities.

Sanitation Projects

Technical drawings are crucial in the design and construction of sanitation systems, such as dry pit latrines and drainage systems. These drawings ensure that the systems are properly designed, built, and maintained, preventing the spread of diseases and protecting the health of the community.

1. Designing Sanitation Systems: Technical drawings are used to design sanitation systems that meet the needs of the community while adhering to environmental and health standards. This includes planning the layout, dimensions, and materials needed for construction.
2. Construction and Maintenance: Accurate drawings are essential for guiding the construction and maintenance of sanitation systems. They ensure that the systems are built to specification and can be easily maintained over time.

Water Projects

Water supply systems, including pipelines and storage tanks, are vital for ensuring clean water access in communities. Engineering drawings play a key role in the design and construction of these systems, ensuring their efficiency and reliability.

1. Designing Water Supply Systems: Engineering drawings are used to design water supply systems that are efficient, reliable, and sustainable. This includes planning the layout of pipelines, storage tanks, and other components.
2. Construction and Implementation: Accurate and detailed drawings are crucial for the successful construction and implementation of water supply systems. They ensure that the systems are built correctly and function as intended, providing clean water to the community.

Conclusion

This comprehensive guide serves as a crucial resource for students and professionals in Environmental Health Sciences, providing the foundational knowledge and practical skills needed to excel in technical drawing and its applications in environmental projects. From understanding basic drawing tools to mastering complex projection techniques, the content covered in this document equips readers with the expertise necessary to contribute effectively to engineering and environmental health initiatives. By honing these skills, professionals can ensure that their projects are not only technically sound but also contribute to the well-being and sustainability of the communities they serve.

Engineering drawing abbreviations and symbols

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Engineering drawing abbreviations and symbols are used to communicate and detail the characteristics of an engineering drawing. This list includes abbreviations common to the vocabulary of people who work with engineering drawings in the manufacture and inspection of parts and assemblies.

Technical standards exist to provide glossaries of abbreviations, acronyms, and symbols that may be found on engineering drawings. Many corporations have such standards, which define some terms and symbols specific to them; on the national and international level, ASME standard Y14.38^[1] is probably the most widely used.

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